Sustainability Assessment and Reuse Feasibility of Stabilized Legacy Waste in West Bengal, India: A Circular Economy Transition Perspective
Abstract
Present solid waste management policies around the world demand higher recycling and reuse rates. Thousands of uncontrolled dumpsites existing worldwide either under operating or closed condition are deemed not only to be the major sources of environmental pollution and nuisance but also occupying prime land that could be used for other purposes while containing useful materials. Reclamation of the dumpsites containing massive share of residual garbage is therefore an environmentally sensitive issue that continues to be confronted by developing nations, particularly by local metropolitan authorities in India. To address this problem, one scientific technique, i.e., the biomining approach, which refers to digging and shifting legacy garbage from dumpsites and recycling or creating energy from recovered materials, reclaiming land space, and rehabilitating/redeveloping contaminated sites could be explored. The article presents a review on feasibility studies carried on dumpsite mining operation specifically to recover legacy waste and its reuse. Assessment of sustainability of biomining process in terms of not only the direct costs and revenues but also social benefits is discussed in details under the purview of the present study.
Downloads
References
Ahluwalia, I. J., & Patel, U. (2018). Working Paper No . 356 Solid Waste Management in India An Assessment of Resource Recovery and Environmental Impact Isher Judge Ahluwalia. In Indian Council for Research on International Economic Relations (Issue 356).
Ali, S. A. (2016). Status of Solid Waste Generation and Management Practice in Kolkata Municipal Corporation, West Bengal. International Journal of Environmental Sciences, 6(6), 1173–1186. https://doi.org/10.6088/ijes.6112
Bir, T., Banerjee, S., & Dutta, A. (2022). Legacy Waste Characterization: Bio-mining Solution for Landfills and Resource Recovery Towards Circularity. In Environmental Science and Engineering. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-96554-9_43
CPCB. (2018). MSW Trend in 46 Cities in India List 2018-CPCB Report 2018. In CPCB. https://doi.org/10.1002/9780470999677.ch8
CPCB. (2021a). Annual Report 2020-2021 on Implementation of Solid Waste Management Rules , 2016, Central Pollution Control Board, Delhi. https://cpcb.nic.in/uploads/plasticwaste/Annual_Report_2019-20_PWM.pdf
CPCB. (2021b). Supplementary Report on Solid Waste Management in The Matter Of O.A No. 606 Of 2018, Titled Compliance of Municipal Solid Waste Management Rules, 2016 And Other Environmental Issues. https://doi.org/https://cpcb.nic.in/uploads/MSW/Reports_swm_7.pdf
Damigos, D, Benardos, A., Menegaki, M., Kaliampakos, D., Papagrigoriou, S., Gaitanarou, Z., & Stasinos, S. (2016). Assessing the economic viability of landfill mining projects in Greece. Conf. on Sustainable Solid Waste Management, 23–25.
Damigos, Dimitris, Kaliampakos, D., & Menegaki, M. (2016). How much are people willing to pay for efficient waste management schemes? A benefit transfer application. Waste Management and Research, 34(4), 345–355. https://doi.org/10.1177/0734242X16633518
Datta, M., Somani, M., Ramana, G. V., & Sreekrishnan, T. R. (2021). Feasibility of re-using soil-like material obtained from mining of old MSW dumps as an earth-fill and as compost. Process Safety and Environmental Protection, 147, 477–487. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psep.2020.09.051
Dubey, A., Chakrabarti, M., & Pandit, D. (2016). Landfill Mining as a Remediation Technique for Open Dumpsites in India. Procedia Environmental Sciences, 35, 319–327. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.proenv.2016.07.012
Frändegård, P., Krook, J., & Svensson, N. (2015). Integrating remediation and resource recovery: On the economic conditions of landfill mining. Waste Management, 42, 137–147. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2015.04.008
Hermann, R., Baumgartner, R. J., Sarc, R., Ragossnig, A., Wolfsberger, T., Eisenberger, M., Budischowsky, A., & Pomberger, R. (2014). Landfill mining in Austria: Foundations for an integrated ecological and economic assessment. Waste Management and Research, 32(9), 48–58. https://doi.org/10.1177/0734242X14541168
Hogland, W., Marques, M., & Nimmermark, S. (2004). Landfill mining and waste characterization: a strategy for remediation of contaminated areas. Journal of Material Cycles and Waste Management, 6(2), 119–124. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10163-003-0110-x
Jain, P., Townsend, T. G., & Johnson, P. (2013). Case study of landfill reclamation at a Florida landfill site. Waste Management, 33(1), 109–116. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2012.09.011
Jani, Y., Kaczala, F., Marchand, C., Hogland, M., Kriipsalu, M., Hogland, W., & Kihl, A. (2016). Characterisation of excavated fine fraction and waste composition from a Swedish landfill. Waste Management and Research, 34(12), 1292–1299. https://doi.org/10.1177/0734242X16670000
Kaartinen, T., Sormunen, K., & Rintala, J. (2013). Case study on sampling, processing and characterization of landfilled municipal solid waste in the view of landfill mining. Journal of Cleaner Production, 55, 56–66. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2013.02.036
Kapur, A., & Graedel, T. E. (2006). Copper mines above and below ground. Estimating the stocks of materials in ore, products, and disposal sites opens up new ways to recycle and reuse valuable resources. Environmental Science & Technology, 3135–3141.
Kaza, S., Yao, L., Bhada-Tata, P., & Woerden, F. Van. (2018). What a Waste 2.0 A Global Snapshot of Solid Waste Management to 2050. In World Bank. https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/handle/10986/30317
Kumar, A., & Agrawal, A. (2020). Recent trends in solid waste management status, challenges, and potential for the future Indian cities – A review. Current Research in Environmental Sustainability, 2, 100011. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.crsust.2020.100011
Kumar, S., Smith, S. R., Fowler, G., Velis, C., Kumar, S. J., Arya, S., Rena, Kumar, R., & Cheeseman, C. (2017). Challenges and Opportunities Associated with Waste Management in India. Royal Society Open Science, 4(3), 1–11. https://doi.org/10.1098/rsos.160764
Kurian, J., Esakku, S., Palanivelu, K., & Selvam, A. (2003). Studies on Landfill Mining At Solid Waste Dumpsites in India. Ninth International Waste Management and Landfill Symposium, In Proceedings Sardinia, 3(October), 248–255.
Maheshi, D., Steven, V. P., & Karel, V. A. (2015). Environmental and economic assessment of “open waste dump” mining in Sri Lanka. Resources, Conservation and Recycling, 102, 67–79. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resconrec.2015.07.004
Mandpe, A., Kumar, S., Lakshmikanthan, P., & Hettiarachchi, H. (2019). Mining for recovery as an option for dumpsite rehabilitation: Case study from Nagpur, India. Journal of Environmental Engineering and Science, 15(2), 52–60. https://doi.org/10.1680/jenes.19.00021
Modak, P. R., & Nangare, P. B. (2011). Quantitative and Qualitative Assessment of Municipal Solid Waste for Nagpur City. Journal of Engineering Research and Studies, 2(2), 55–61.
Mohan, S., & Joseph, C. P. (2020). Biomining: An Innovative and Practical Solution for Reclamation of Open Dumpsite. In Recent Developments in Waste Management (pp. 167–178). Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-0990-2_12
Mönkäre, T. J., Palmroth, M. R. T., & Rintala, J. A. (2015). Characterization of fine fraction mined from two Finnish landfills. Waste Management, 47, 34–39. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2015.02.034
NGT. (2022). Before The National Green Tribunal Eastern Zone Bench , Kolkata Miscellaneous Application No . 05 / 2021 / EZ In Original Application No . 33 / 2014 / EZ.
Niyati, M. (2015). A comparative study of municipal solid waste management in India and Japan. 25, 48–61.
ORGI. (2011). Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India. Primary Census Abstract. Table Basic Population Figures of India/State/District/Sub-District/Village - 2011. Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India. https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/42560
Pearce, D., Atkinson, G., & Mourato, S. (2006). Willingness to Pay vs. Willingness to Accept,. In Cost-Benefit Analysis and the Environment Recent Developments (pp. 155–167). https://doi.org/10.1787/9789264010055-12-en
Prechthai, T., Padmasri, M., & Visvanathan, C. (2008). Quality assessment of mined MSW from an open dumpsite for recycling potential. Resources, Conservation and Recycling, 53(1–2), 70–78. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resconrec.2008.09.002
Quaghebeur, M., Laenen, B., Geysen, D., Nielsen, P., Pontikes, Y., Van Gerven, T., & Spooren, J. (2012). Characterization of landfilled materials: Screening of the enhanced landfill mining potential. Journal of Cleaner Production, 55, 72–83. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2012.06.012
Rong, L., Zhang, C., Jin, D., & Dai, Z. (2017). Assessment of the potential utilization of municipal solid waste from a closed irregular landfill. Journal of Cleaner Production, 142, 413–419. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2015.10.050
Singh, A., & Chandel, M. K. (2019). Effect of ageing on waste characteristics excavated from an Indian dumpsite and its potential valorisation. Process Safety and Environmental Protection, 134, 24–35. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psep.2019.11.025
Somani, M., Datta, M., Ramana, G. V., & Sreekrishnan, T. R. (2018). Investigations on fine fraction of aged municipal solid waste recovered through landfill mining: Case study of three dumpsites from India. Waste Management and Research, 36(8), 744–755. https://doi.org/10.1177/0734242X18782393
Van Der Zee, D. J., Achterkamp, M. C., & De Visser, B. J. (2004). Assessing the market opportunities of landfill mining. Waste Management, 24(8), 795–804. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2004.05.004
Van Passel, S., Dubois, M., Eyckmans, J., De Gheldere, S., Ang, F., Tom Jones, P., & Van Acker, K. (2012). The economics of enhanced landfill mining: Private and societal performance drivers. Journal of Cleaner Production, 55, 92–102. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2012.03.024
Vossen, W. van. (2013). Feasibility Study Sustainable Material and Energy Recovery from Landfills in Europe. In Istanbul International Solid Waste, Water And Wastewater Congress, Halic Congress Center, Istanbul, Turkey, 22-24 May (pp. 347–349).
Wagner, T. P., & Raymond, T. (2015). Landfill mining: Case study of a successful metals recovery project. Waste Management, 45, 448–457. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2015.06.034
WBPCB. (2021a). State of Environment Report-II West Bengal 2021. In Department of Environment Government of West Bengal. https://www.wbpcb.gov.in/files/Fr-09-2021-09-10-01SoE Report VOL 02.pdf
WBPCB. (2021b). State Plan Environment West Bengal Based on District Environment Plans. In Department of Environment, Government of West Bengal. https://www.wbpcb.gov.in/files/Fr-04-2021-04-11-32State Environment Plan and District Enviornment Plan West Bengal.pdf
Winterstetter, A., Laner, D., Rechberger, H., & Fellner, J. (2015). Framework for the evaluation of anthropogenic resources: A landfill mining case study - Resource or reserve? Resources, Conservation and Recycling, 96, 19–30. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resconrec.2015.01.004
Wolfsberger, T., Pinkel, M., Polansek, S., Sarc, R., Hermann, R., & Pomberger, R. (2016). Landfill mining: Development of a cost simulation model. Waste Management and Research, 34(4), 356–367. https://doi.org/10.1177/0734242X16628980
Zhou, C., Gong, Z., Hu, J., Cao, A., & Liang, H. (2015). A cost-benefit analysis of landfill mining and material recycling in China. Waste Management, 35, 191–198. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2014.09.029
