ACMS 2022, April 14-16, 2022, IIChE, Kolkata

Development of Artificial Intelligent (AI)-based Model for Steel Alloys

Nusrat Parveen, Sadaf Zaidi, Mohammad Danish — Thu, 14 Apr 2022 00:00:00 +0530

Alloy steel has many forms each having different properties due to the elements added to the steel. When treated with heat, these elements impart a wide range of physical properties incomparable to any metals/alloys. In the present work, the artificial intelligent (AI) technique namely, artificial neural networks (ANN) is utilized to model the true stress (τ) of ultra-strength Cr-Mn-Si-Ni ultra-strength alloyed steel in terms of holding time, heating rate, tensile temperature (T_ts) and strain rate (γ). Neural networks are trained iteratively by adjusting the connections between nodes and the weight. A well-trained network can effectively predict the target. The developed ANN-based model is compared to the commonly employed multiple regression (MR) model in terms of statistical parameters. The coefficient of determination (R²) values for the ANN and MR models are 0.9948 and 0.2924 on the other hand average absolute relative error (AARE) are observed as 3.6%, and 56.16% respectively. The results thus obtained show that the ANN-based model has higher accuracy with greater generalization.

Optimization of straight fins with different geometries using PYTHON: A comparative study

Shyja M — Thu, 14 Apr 2022 00:00:00 +0530

Increasing the available surface area for heat transfer is the common practice to enhance the heat transfer rate, where coefficient of heat transfer is low. Fins are commonly used to achieve increased heat transfer area. One-dimensional analysis of straight fins with different geometries such as rectangular, triangular and Parabolic is carried out using various gradient free optimization search methods. Optimum fin thickness for different geometries was estimated by keeping the space available for fin as a constraint. Codes are generated for various gradient free numerical optimization search methods in Python. The optimum fin thickness for each of the fin geometries are computed with different gradient free search methods.

A review on effective removal of pharmaceuticals from aquatic systems: Advanced techniques and scope for future research

Thirthaa Yuvaraj, Divya Darshini P — Thu, 14 Apr 2022 00:00:00 +0530

Advances in medical research have led to a significant increase in the consumption and usage of pharmaceutical products. The chemical constituents of these products, including chemicals like tetracyclines, salicylic acids, sulphonamides and quinolones, are collectively known as Pharmaceutically Active Compounds (PhACs). Originating from domestic effluents, this micro-pollutant fails to degrade when processed by conventional methods. Accumulation of these treatment-resistant pharmaceutical compounds in soil and water bodies is dangerous, as they act as poisons to the natural environment. The aim of this study is to consolidate the investigated physical, chemical and biological methods for removal of PhACs.

Microorganisms can facilitate the decomposition of PhACs and are often used in conjunction with membrane technology to effect what is known as Biological treatment. With minimal chemical addition and low energy requirements, it is the most cost-effective treatment plan. Emerging Biological treatment processes include: Membrane Biofilm Reactor (MBFR), Nanofiltration, Reverse Osmosis and Integrated Fixed-film Activated Sludge (IFAS) Systems. Addition of chemicals can either break large molecules into smaller simpler compounds, or improve removal efficacies by forming flocs or a heavier particle mass. Physical methods generally do not succeed in complete remediation. Chemical processes include Fenton Oxidation, Photocatalysis and ozonation processes. However, there is a need to control the potential formation of by-products as well as optimization of parameters to become competitive in economic terms. Thus, advanced techniques like Microbial degradation and Phytoremediation were explored.

Performance Evaluation of Biogas upgrading by amine scrubbing using activated MDEA

Aparna A M, Dr. R Baskaran — Thu, 14 Apr 2022 00:00:00 +0530

Biogas upgrading to produce biomethane is emerging as one of the distinguished solutions to the current energy crisis and environmental challenges. Biogas upgraded biomethane is gaining importance as fuel source and can be injected into the natural gas grid. This necessitates the need for energy efficient upgrading technologies. Among the upgrading technologies available, amine scrubbing is considered as a promising method due to low operating pressure, high methane recovery rates and low power consumptions. This paper presents an evaluation of amine scrubbing for biogas upgrading using aqueous solution formulations of piperazine activated methyl diethanolamine (MDEA) in Unisim software. The objective of this study was to coin optimal operating conditions for biomethane production from raw biogas by considering the technical, environmental and economic aspects. The performance of the process was evaluated in terms of mole fraction of methane in biomethane, recovery rate of methane and energy consumption by varying the operating parameters like absorber operating pressure, number of stages of the absorber, flowrate of the solvent and piperazine concentration in aqueous MDEA.

Wastewater treatment using natural adsorbent incorporated polymeric mixed matrix membrane

Paramita Das, Chiranjib Bhattacharjee — Thu, 14 Apr 2022 00:00:00 +0530

Organic pollutants like synthetic dyes are continuously discharged through industrial effluents and simultaneously contaminate the water streams. The present study focuses on the synthesis of an effective polymeric mixed matrix membrane (MMM) by incorporation of a natural adsorbent, corchorus stick powder (CSP) in polyvinyl chloride (PVC) matrix for the removal of crystal violet, a cationic dye from its aqueous solution. Three different polymer-CSP MMMs were synthesized by varying the amount of CSP (i.e. 0.5, 1.0, and 1.5 wt%) and termed as PC1, PC2, and PC3, respectively. The synthesized membranes were characterized by FTIR, XRD, TGA, SEM, and contact angle determination. The influence of operating pressure, feed concentration, and operating time on the water flux, permeate flux, and percent rejection were thoroughly investigated. Among these three MMMs, PC2 was found to show best result in terms of percent dye rejection.

Generalized NRTL model for predicting vapor-liquid equilibrium data from activity coefficient of binary component systems: using molecular descriptors

Thu, 14 Apr 2022 00:00:00 +0530

Vapor-Liquid Equilibrium data is crucial for separation processes like distillation, extraction and manufacturing. Obtaining this data experimentally for desired conditions and systems is time-consuming and expensive. Therefore there is a necessity for an a priori generalized model which predicts this data based on the molecular descriptor information (of the desired system) given as an input to the model. This model is based on the Non-Random Two-Liquid (NRTL) model to predict binary interaction (NRTL) parameters. These predicted parameters are, in turn, used to calculate the activity coefficient, which is used to calculate the vapor-phase composition from the liquid-phase composition of the system. In this study, the molecular descriptors for individual components of the 28 binary systems were generated. The arithmetic mean of the molecular descriptors of the corresponding components was used as the molecular descriptor set for that binary system. The molecular descriptors based on properties relevant to vapor-liquid equilibrium were selected and used as independent variables to build the model using an Artificial Neural Network (ANN) in python. Better predictions were obtained with the coefficient of determination greater than 0.85 for each NRTL parameter. Once the liquid-phase composition is known, the model can predict the vapor-phase composition at the desired pressure and temperature.

Performance Analysis of CLC Integrated GT Power Cycle: Effect of Cycle Operating Parameters

Wasim Akram, Prof. Sanjay, Dr M A Hassan — Thu, 14 Apr 2022 00:00:00 +0530

Chemical looping combustion (CLC) has emerged as a novel combustion technology for power generating stations and industrial applications with inherent CO₂ capture, which avoids energy penalty being imposed as compared to its competing technology. CLC is an indirect combustion technology taking place in two reactors namely air and fuel reactors, transfer of oxygen takes place between reactors with the help of metal oxide as an oxygen carrier. Here, hydrocarbon fuel reacts with metal oxide in the fuel reactor producing CO₂ and H₂O streams as products which subsequently expanded to a CO₂ turbine, where after the H₂O is separated by condensing and CO₂ is available for industrial purposes. Reduced metal oxides which transfer to air reactor react with O₂ (from the air) and re-oxide themselves for next subsequent cycle. The CLC system essentially replaces the gas turbine and exhibits added advantage of separating oxidation products CO₂ and H₂O (exiting fuel reactor) which is free from NOx. Depleted air (N₂ + excess O₂) exiting from the air reactor is the working fluid for the expansion turbine generating power.

This article reports the potential of a CLC integrated gas turbine-based plant as an alternative for a conventional gas turbine plant. CLC system uses CH4 as fuel and NiO as an oxygen carrier operating between 1100-1300^oC to compute the performance. The performance of the CLC integrated plant is computed by varying parameters such as turbine inlet temperature (TIT), and compressor pressure ratio (r_pc). In the proposed cycle configuration maximum electrical efficiency achieved is 35.88% at 1450 K and r_pc=18.

Review of innovations in the use of edible containers and cutlery

Salil Narvekar — Thu, 14 Apr 2022 00:00:00 +0530

The author has listed innovations in the use of edible containers and cutlery in chronological order. Also, an all-inclusive classification was developed as none was found in literature- things used to eat/drink food, edible pouches, things used as utensils and food packaged with food. Widely used processing techniques and materials to manufacture edible containers and cutlery such as mix of flours, polymer films and food composites are discussed. The paper concludes with future prospects and advantages and disadvantages, showing that while edible containers and cutlery will help to cut down plastic waste, their use must be done judiciously.

Analysis of Thermal Damage in Biological Tissue during External Step Heating Using Non-Fourier Bio-Heat Transfer Model – A Finite Difference Approach

Thu, 14 Apr 2022 00:00:00 +0530

The present work focuses on the thermal damage in living tissue under an external step-heating exposure. A Non-Fourier type of bioheat transfer model, including the effect thermal relaxation time due to thermal inertia and microstructure of biological tissue, has been adopted to investigate the thermal damage. A trainsient blood perfusion rate has been taken at different locations of the body in this analysis. Considering all of the transient PDEs, the implicit Backward in Time and Central in Space (BTCS) framework has been used to create the necessary finite difference equations. Burn integral relation proposed by Henriques, has been undertaken to predict second-degree and third-degree burn time. Finally, a comparison is proposed for three different bioheat transfer models like Penne's, Thermal wave, and Dual-Phase Lag (DPL) models to illustrate the effect of different relaxation times on thermal damage.

Covalent grafting of Diglycolamide functionalities over Merrifield resin for the uptake of trivalent f-block metal ions from acidic aqueous feed

Thu, 14 Apr 2022 00:00:00 +0530

In the present work, N, N- Dibutyl diglycolamide functionalities were covalently grafted over Merrifield resin by following novel green chemistry principles during the entire process of synthesis. Minimal use of hazardous chemicals, improved yields and moderate reaction conditions were the bedrocks throughout the process. This grafted resin was used as an adsorbent for the uptake of trivalent f-block elements from aqueous nitric acid feed (3M HNO₃). The synthesized resin MRBB (N, N- Dibutyl diglycolamide grafted over n-butyl aminated Merrifield resin) was characterized with grafting percentage of >66%. Am³⁺ an actinide was used as a radiotracer for preliminary studies to check the efficacy of synthesized polymeric adsorbent. After optimization of synthesis parameters, Eu³⁺ salt, a surrogate lanthanide ion was used in an aqueous feed to optimize the operating parameters of adsorption. The distribution coefficients K_D for different conditions were in the range of thousands but for a similar kind of work with malonamides the range was just in hundreds as reported in the available literature. The adsorption kinetics predominantly follows pseudo-second order reaction with k₂ = 6.3 x 10^-5 g/(mg-min). The work is an important contribution in sustainable organic, polymer and nuclear chemistry.

Study of Antibacterial effects on Indian Currency

Aniruddha Hore, Saptarshi Mitra, Sujoy Bose, Sandip Ghosh, Avijit Ghosh — Thu, 14 Apr 2022 00:00:00 +0530

The Indian rupee is the official mode of currency in India. With time, science and technology got advanced and our society is slowly making its way to a cashless mode of transaction. But as India is still an emerging country a large part of our society still depends on the transaction through cash. During the times of pandemics, we came to understand that everything that we touch is not safe from microbial contamination. The Indian currency is also not an exception. The Indian currency is the modern-day medium of harmful bacterial as well as other microbial contaminations resulting in diseases in human bodies. Therefore, the need came to make the currency disinfectant to give our people a healthier lifestyle.

The main focus of the study is to develop a solution that when applied to the currency notes will kill the persisting bacteria or microbes present in the notes. So various natural edible products were used in order to prepare the solution which is highly effective against the presence of harmful bacteria such as E. coli and S. aureus. The antibacterial activity of these natural ingredients is not unknown to us so extracts from those products were mixed together to form a solution which was made the Indian currency notes antibacterial for 20min approx. The solution was persisting on the outer surface of currency notes, therefore, making it antibacterial for a given duration of time i.e., no bacterial growth was seen during the time period of 20 minutes, therefore, making it safe for the usage of human hands.

Synthesis and applications of magnetic nanoparticles in the ultrasound assisted oxidative degradation of methylene blue

Priyanga Manjuri Bhuyan, Jharna Phukon, Binoy K Saikia, Nabajyoti Saikia — Thu, 14 Apr 2022 00:00:00 +0530

In this paper, catalytic behaviours of magnetite (Fe₃O₄), Ni- and Zn-doped Fe₃O₄ in the ultrasound assisted oxidative degradation of methylene blue from water were presented. Magnetic nanoparticles were synthesized from aqueous solutions of chloride salts of Fe(III), Ni(II) and Zn(II) by co-precipitation method and characterized by X-ray crystallographic, scanning electron microscopic (SEM) and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopic methods. Synthesized nanoparticles were then used as heterogeneous catalysts in the H₂O₂ based oxidative degradation of aqueous methylene blue solution at room temperature under mild ultrasound assisted reaction conditions. Instrumental results indicate the formations of round-shaped nanostructured particles with particle size <20 nm. Results also reveal that the synthesised Fe₃O₄ nanoparticles can remove as much as 82.51% of total methylene blue dye present in 36 ppm solution after 30 minutes reaction time. Doping Zn and Ni enhances the catalytic activity of Fe₃O₄ nanoparticles and maximum amounts of dye degradation (98.04% in 30 minutes) is observed for Zn-doped nanoparticles. Pseudo first order kinetic model can efficiently explain the decomposition of methylene blue from its solutions. Decomposition rate of methylene blue is observed to be maximum for the 0.2g/L catalyst dose. Additionally, catalytic dye degradation results are also discussed considering the Fenton type reaction mechanism.

Polyurethane / Carbonaceous Nanofillers based Nanocomposite Films through Thermo-Chemical route for Gas Barrier Property

Subhash Mandal, Dr. Debmalya Roy, Mayank Dwivedi, Prof. Mangala Joshi — Thu, 14 Apr 2022 00:00:00 +0530

The carbonaceous nanofillers like acid functionalized multiwall carbon nanotube (f-MWCNT as 1D), edge functionalized hydroxylated few layers graphene (f-FLG as 2D) and f-MWCNT embedded into the graphene flakes as 3D were incorporated into thermoplastic polyurethane by thermo-responsive gelation method for the preparation of cellular structures. The concentration of nanofillers was varied as 0.1, 1 and 5 wt%. The prepared cellular structures were characterized using SEM, XRD and FTIR. The cellular structured polyurethane was then compounded by twin-screw extrusion. The compounded material was used to prepare the films by compression moulding technique. The functionalized carbonaceous nanofillers were also incorporated into the polyurethane by compounding directly in a twin-screw extruder. The dispersion of the nanofillers was studied by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). SEM studies showed very good dispersion of nanofillers in the compounded materials made through cellular structure route. The developed films were studied for the gas barrier properties by measuring the helium gas permeability. The addition of 1 weight percentage of tailor made hierarchical carbonaceous nanomaterials in TPU by thermo-responsive gelation route followed by melt mixing resulted reduced helium gas permeability from 1287 to 548 cm³/m²/day.

Effect of Die on surface characteristics and properties of Powder Metallurgy Processed Al-Cu Composite.

Subham Kundu, Subhas Chandra Mondal — Thu, 14 Apr 2022 00:00:00 +0530

Powder metallurgy is one of the various processes used for the development of composite material. Powder metallurgy processed composite material has a high surface finish and strength to weight ratio. The surface characteristics and properties of powder metallurgy processed components not only depends on the powder material and process parameters but also on the material and manufacturing process of die and punch setup. This is a comparative study on surface roughness (R_avalue), crack and hardness of powder metallurgy processed aluminium copper composite prepared by high carbon steel and hardened stainless steel grade die-punch set. 118% better surface characteristics and 5% better hardness were achieved in the Al-Cu composite of the same composition prepared in the hardened stainless steel die and punch set.

Combined effect of melt thermal treatment and Sr modifier on microstructure and mechanical properties of hypereutectic Al-14Si alloy

Sunil Manani, Sandeep Kumar, Patel Nikunj, Ajaya Kumar Pradhan — Thu, 14 Apr 2022 00:00:00 +0530

This research aimed to investigate the combined effect of melt thermal treatment and Sr modifier on microstructure and mechanical properties of hypereutectic Al-14Si alloy. Various characterization techniques and testings such as optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, tensile test and hardness test were carried out to evaluate the samples. The results showed that the melt thermal treated alloys have a more refined primary Si phase and modified eutectic Si structure than that of the conventional cast alloys. This led to a considerable improvement in tensile strength, hardness and ductility in the melt thermal treated alloys. The mean size of primary Si and eutectic Si was lesser in the case of the sample that had undergone both melt thermal treatment and Sr-modification than the only Sr-modified alloy. These lead to a significant improvement in mechanical properties of the alloy treated by both melt thermal treatment and Sr-modifier than only Sr-modified alloy.

Optimization of chemical pre-treatment methods for production of bioethanol from dry fallen Neem leaves

Bandita Dash, Jayashree Mohanty, Soumya Parida — Mon, 11 Apr 2022 00:00:00 +0530

During the recent years ethanol derived from biomass, popularly known as bioethanol is grabbing attention due to incessant spike in petroleum prices. Ethanol derived from Corn and sugar are the most popular substitute for ethanol. However, the feedstock is not sufficient and poses the menace food versus fuel. Hence cheaper and inedible sources need to be investigated for the production of bioethanol. In the current study lignocellulosic biomass derived from waste, dried neem leaves was used as a source for bioethanol production. The powdered leaves were pre-treated with conc. H₂SO₄followed by fermentation with yeast S. cereviciae.On completion of the fermentation process the broths obtained were distilled to obtain bioethanol. The effect of pre-treatment on the bioethanol yield was studied by varying the concentrations of H₂SO₄ as 0.5 N, 1 N, 2 N, 3 N and 5 N, temperature as100°C,120°Cand 140°C and pre-treatment time as 15, 30 and 60 minutes. H₂SO₄ conc. of 1N, temperature 120° C and pre-treatment time of 60min was found to be the most optimum condition for liberating reducing sugars from neem leaves under the present experimental conditions. The FTIR studies of the neem leaves before and after pre-treatment showed breakdown in lignocellulosic biomass structure due to pre-treatment. The fermentation of pre-treated solution produced at optimum conditions resulted 24.14 g/L ethanol after 5 days of fermentation.

Degradation of methylene blue through photocatalysis using synthesized ZnO/CeO2 nanocomposite catalyst

Ripa Sutar, Dr. Somak Jyoti Sahu, Dr. Lipika Das Samanta — Thu, 14 Apr 2022 00:00:00 +0530

Nanotechnology is an emerging multidisciplinary technology that has shown tremendous success in a variety of fields. Nanostructures have the potential to improve the physical qualities of traditional textiles in regions such as antibacterial capabilities, water repellence, dirt resistance, colour fastness, and textile material strength. Recent breakthroughs in nanotechnology provide chances to construct next-generation water supply systems by leapfrogging. Nanotechnology-allowed water and wastewater treatment has the probable to not only overcome fundamental challenges confronting current treatment technologies, but also to bring innovative treatment abilities that may allow for the cost-effective exploitation of atypical water sources to increase water supply. The present work focus to degrade the methylene blue (MB) was studied by a photocatalytic process in attendance of ultra violet irradiation using ZnO/CeO₂ nanocomposite catalysts in a batch reactor. The reaction was kept at room temperature. The nano-composite catalyst was synthesized by co-precipitation method using Zn(NO₃)₂.6H₂O and Ce(NO₃)₃.6H₂O as main raw materials. The synthesized catalyst was analyzed by scanning electron microscopy and BET surface area analyzer. After characterization, the catalyst was treated by degrade of methylene blue through photocalysis. The different process conditions such as weight of catalyst, reactant concentration, irradiation time and pH of solution were applied. The effects of energy source and oxidising agent were also investigated. The maximum removal of MB about 99% was achieved using this prepared catalyst.

Numerical Study of Heat Transfer Enhancement with Nanofluid in Rectangular Duct.

Avik Ray, Sumanta Banerjee, Prokash Chandra Roy — Thu, 14 Apr 2022 00:00:00 +0530

In order to reduce heat losses and enhance heat transfer efficiency, energy conservation and management in thermal systems has attracted interest on a global scale. Due to limitations on continuous improvement in thermophysical characteristics of traditional working fluids, R&D trends have shifted towards nanofluids applications in heat transfer systems. Literature review substantiates that single-particle nano fluids are well-suited for heat transfer applications. Employing hybrid nanofluids to improve heat transfer rates is a comparably new field of research and application.. In the present numerical study, enhancement of heat transfer rates is observed for flows of single-particle and hybrid nanofluids through a rectangular, straight duct of uniform cross-section, subjected to symmetrical and uniform wall heat flux conditions. The present work is carried out to investigate heat transfer augmentation characteristics of hybrid nanofluids and single-particle nanofluids, for different nanoparticle mixture ratios dispersed in water. The simulations are performed with 0.5%, 1.0% and 2.0% volume fractions of nano particles. The Reynolds number of flow is varied from 2000 to 12000. The uniform heat flux applied along the tube length is ≈ 7955 W/m². The effects of Reynolds number, volume fraction, and composition of nanoparticles are analysed from the perspective of fluid and thermal analysis. The validation of the results obtained from present study has been performed with experimental and published data available in open literature. The wall-averaged Nusselt number and the pressure drop rise as the Reynolds number and the volume fraction is increased. This warrants a trade-off between heat transfer enhancement on one hand, and mechanical head losses on the other. The heat transfer characteristics of the chosen water- dispersed, hybrid nanofluid is also observed to be superior as compared to the single-particle nanofluid medium.

Synthesis of multifunctional Ag NPs by using different plants

Rebika Baruah, Archana Moni Das — Thu, 14 Apr 2022 00:00:00 +0530

Green synthesis of metal nanoparticles by using plant extracts is an environment-friendly, cost-effective and sustainable method. In our experiment, plant extracts of Livistona jekinsiana and Lasia spinosa were used in the synthesis of Ag NPs for the first time. Due to the high antioxidants contained and the traditional therapeutic applications of the mentioned plants, they were selected as ideal reducing and capping agents in the synthesis of Ag NPs. The synthesis of the Ag NPs was preliminarily confirmed by UV- Visible spectra of the synthesized NPs. The Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectra indicated the presence of -OH, C=C, -CN, -CH, etc. functional groups of phytocompounds on the surface of NPs. XRD patterns of Ag NPs revealed the FCC structure of the Ag NPs. FESEM and HRTEM micrographs determined the spherical shape and uniform size of the Ag NPs. EDX analysis confirmed the purity of Ag NPs. Higher negative values of zeta potential revealed the higher stability of the NPs. The NPs exhibited potential antimicrobial activity against Gram-positive bacteria Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC 11682), Gram-negative bacteria Escherichia coli (ATCC 11229), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (MTCC 2582), and fungi Candida albicans (MTCC 3017). Ag NPs also showed antioxidant activity, anti-inflammatory activity, and drug delivery ability with good results. The photocatalytic activity of Ag NPs was examined by the degradation of nitro compounds in the presence of sunlight. The kinetics of the photodegradation and reusability of the Ag NPs were also studied.

Theoretical Studies on the Charge Carrier Mobility and Lattice Thermal Conductivity of Rubidium-based Triiodides Using First Principle Calculation

Anupriya Nyayban, Dr. Subhasis Panda, Dr. Avijit Chowdhury — Thu, 14 Apr 2022 00:00:00 +0530

The spectacular hike in the photo conversion efficiency and the light-harvesting ability of Perovskites-based solar cells have shown great interest among the scientific community. However, the limited knowledge about the charge carrier transport mechanisms and lattice thermal conductivity of the Perovskites significantly affects the device performances, including the lifetime and stability of the sensitizer. This work reports the carrier mobility and lattice thermal conductivity of the orthorhombic RbMI₃ (where M=Sn and Ge), using the deformation potential theory and Slack’s model, respectively. The mechanical stability has been confirmed for both the structures, and the highest shear anisotropy is observed for RbSnI₃. The mobility of the electrons is higher than holes, and the highest mobility is observed along (010) direction for both the structures at low temperatures. Ultra-low-lattice thermal conductivity of 0.237 and 0.402 W/m.K have been observed at the room temperature for RbSnI₃ and RbGeI₃, respectively, which are consistent with the available experimental values for all inorganic perovskites.